Jump to content

Welcome to the new Traders Laboratory! Please bear with us as we finish the migration over the next few days. If you find any issues, want to leave feedback, get in touch with us, or offer suggestions please post to the Support forum here.

  • Welcome Guests

    Welcome. You are currently viewing the forum as a guest which does not give you access to all the great features at Traders Laboratory such as interacting with members, access to all forums, downloading attachments, and eligibility to win free giveaways. Registration is fast, simple and absolutely free. Create a FREE Traders Laboratory account here.

Tender

Who is Behind the Screen?

Recommended Posts

I am interested in the mechanics of the forex market.

 

Questions every new trader should be asking:

What moves the the market? Yes, yes, I have heard all the pat answers. But they are all cliches. Does anyone really know? Where do those pretty lines and numbers come from? Yes, yes, I know they come from the liquidity provider. But where does the liquidity provider get them? He does not just make them up. Are there really people somewhere bidding and asking? Can I go there and watch them?

 

I am sure that the big banks, hedge fund managers, and financial institutions cause most of the activity. OK. So what are they trying to do? Are they acting or reacting? Are they watching the same charts I am? Are their motives different from mine? Are they trying to accomplish something more that just making a profit? Why would a trader care if the price went up or down? I certainly do not care. I quickly change sides whenever the trend changes. Often I have several open trades; some long, some short.

 

Can you give me an example of a trader who actively and aggressively wishes the price would go up or down? (Before he enters a trade, of course.)

 

Hmmm! I just watched a gap up of 40 pips. Who pushed the buttons to make that gap appear on my screen? Whoever it was, has a different trading platform than I do. I do not see any provision on my platform where I can create a gap up or down. I am assuming that a human created that gap, or am I trading against a computer? I have got to know who is on the other side of my computer screen.

 

Wow! I just saw the spread jump to 20 pips. Who decided that it ought to be that great? What is his name? Where does he live? Who gave him permission to widen the spread?

 

Are there really mystical bears fighting with a heard of bulls to lower the price of their favorite currency? Or is this just a myth like Santa Clause? Let's pretend there really are bulls and bears. My question is; why do they care? What are they fighting for? And if the bulls manage to raise the price a few pips, how did they do it? Until I understand why the bears are trying to drive prices down and why the bulls are frantically trying to elevate prices, I have no business in this battle. I will get killed in the cross fire. Any hope of success depends on some real answers, not just bull.

Share this post


Link to post
Share on other sites

Central banks and their proxies are often behind big moves or rather they are often the reason big moves end. In a macro economic sense there are a multitude of reasons why someone (such as a Central Bank) wants a currency in a certain band (range).

 

They want it for their exporters/importers, for political reasons, to keep promises made, to affect interest rates (and therefore their borrowing costs) and maybe even, just because they can (if you could move the markets, wouldn't that be cool enough to do it once in awhile just for fun).

 

The next tier of players know when the Central Banks are likely to rein in prices so they push them to that point and then fade the response.

 

There are also Merger and Acquisition money flows that can affect prices, hedging and a host of other legitimate reasons.

 

Scott

Share this post


Link to post
Share on other sites

By the way price reacts around resistance levels (prolonged hounding of it.. etc) compared to how it reacts at support (bouncing before it get to it... etc), I believe someone has been buying the EUR/USD since early december, and that is the biggest pair in the biggest market as I understand, I'd guess they have well and truly brought out of their shorts and judging by the lack of downward progress they are now long. They have played in over a 600 pip range so far so that's what I believe small traders are up against. Although most will not believe someone has that deep a pockets, I think there is just too much money to be made to think price in not controllable.

 

.

Share this post


Link to post
Share on other sites

Some of the bigger players in the FX market include multinational corporations and investment institutions.

 

Say IBM wants to do business in Europe. They will need to make transactions in Euros. When they want to put those profits on the books they will need to exchange those Euros for dollars. Now they may only make that exchange a couple of times a year. So in the mean time they may hedge that exposure so they are not losing money to a depreciating exchange rate. This hedging will cause an imbalance in the supply/demand of the two currencies causing the market to adjust.

 

Investment institutions that buy bonds, for example, from another country will need to use the FX market to exchange their local currency for the currency of the country they are buying those bonds from. The capital inflow causes a supply/demand imbalance in the money supply of the two currencies causing one to rise vs the other.

 

Take last years bear market in the Euro as an example of investment institutions selling there European bonds (among other assets) because of the uncertainty of the Eurozones ability to repay their debt. They sold those assets in a local market receiving the local currency (Euros) in exchange. They then needed to exchange those Euros for their local currencies, say dollars for US institutions.

 

These are just to simplistic causes of exchange rate changes in a the complex FX market.

Share this post


Link to post
Share on other sites

I heard the cash FX market don't have a centralized clearing house and the courts stated that their bid/ask prices are "pretend" or make believe. So was advised not to trade cash FX but to only trade the futures currency market. Is this correct advice?

 

Where do the central banks, giant corporations , hedge fund, fund managers etc. go to trade currency?

 

 

Thanks in advance

Share this post


Link to post
Share on other sites
I heard the cash FX market don't have a centralized clearing house and the courts stated that their bid/ask prices are "pretend" or make believe. So was advised not to trade cash FX but to only trade the futures currency market. Is this correct advice?

 

Where do the central banks, giant corporations , hedge fund, fund managers etc. go to trade currency?

 

 

Thanks in advance

 

Hello jolee. It's known that spot forex is not centralized, because it goes over the interbank market. So regarding accurate volume you should definitely trade the futures. The downside of it is the lack of good liquidity in many currency futures products.

 

My personal question is if the "composite operator(s)" in the fx market have made it so that they are able so to see volume information that the rest of the market is cut off from. I suspect so. That is, since all markets works after the same principles. For example when Soros back in 1994 saw weakness in the Pound before his team crashed it, did they see it because of the "RSI overbought over 70" joke where it crossed down under it again, or through the news? Do not think so. The closest thing I know of for "top money" is ICAP EBS. If there is additional information that "top money" get from ICAP I do not know, but I know they use tick count volume from ICAP EBS which is highly correlated with acctual volume. You can open an account with brokers like London Capital Group and trade positions of minimum 1 million with ICAP EBS. Minimum account opening is $50,000. In addition there is probably solutions from Reuters and Bloomberg which the "top money" are also using. The next best thing I know of regarding tick volume for us retailers is eSignals GTIS which is unfiltered, but for the sake of information not very good to trade from, because of the volatile price fluctuations. On the other side good to have for tick count volume and if you want to check out if your fx broker are giving you some fake price moves, and/or for better stop loss management.

 

Could you please give us a link to "courts stated that their bid/ask prices are "pretend" or make believe"?

 

Thanks,

Laurus

Edited by laurus12

Share this post


Link to post
Share on other sites

When considering the volume of the fx futures markets one might do well to ask "are major players operating in both markets?" and if the answer is yes then "could they manipulate volume in the smaller futures market to gain advantage in and fx market?"

Share this post


Link to post
Share on other sites

The volume in the futures market can be used as a proxy for the cash (i.e. 6E futures EUR/USD cash). But it appears there is an assumption in all this that is not correct in my experience.

 

The arb players are not going to get the cash vs. the futures get out of alignment, nor are they going to let any sort of misalignment of the cash go for more than a couple of seconds.

 

If you could buy some oil with dollars, then trade the oil for gold and then sell the gold for more dollars than you started with, wouldn't you do that all day long?

 

Well, that is what currency arbitrage is; buy and sell the pairs and crosses in a circular fashion as long as it meets the criteria above - EUR/USD -> EUR/JPY -> USD/JPY.

 

There are a huge number of issues surrounding the fx market but in the end, if you are on the right side of the trade, you will make money.

 

Scott

Share this post


Link to post
Share on other sites

The FX market is made up of more players than you could imagine.

not only are there retail players, companies hedging exposures, governments and central banks, people remitting money back to their own countries (think of Indian/Chinese/Phillipino workers sending money back from where they work to their home countries), travellers, traders and speculators, funds hedging.

 

When it comes to FX it is ALL a relative bet. You dont buy shares in a company that may have earnings, you dont buy physical assets such as gold, oil, land. The only underlying thing is trust in the piece of paper that is the currency, and that you think it will rise relative to another.

 

When it came to Mr Soros, people forget, the idea to short the GBP was formulated well before it was implemented, his sidekick - Drunkenmiller from memory was the one who put the trade on, and George basically went for the kill..... at the time they were the market for a short period.

 

Ultimately....Scott says it best

"There are a huge number of issues surrounding the fx market but in the end, if you are on the right side of the trade, you will make money."

Share this post


Link to post
Share on other sites

Could you please give us a link to "courts stated that their bid/ask prices are "pretend" or make believe"?

 

Thanks,

Laurus

 

I'm sorry I don't have the link and I can't remember how I got to the video showing the court documents - but I'm sure it's from that Heitkoetter chap from Rockwell Trading who had used the video to evidence and explain why he doesn't trade the cash forex.

Share this post


Link to post
Share on other sites

(referral URL removed)

 

Basically when it comes down to it. If its spot fx it's not regulated by the US NFA and CFTC agencies therefore they have been know to take advantage of traders. Because they are not regulated, when you trade you are basically hedging a bid against your broker.

 

For tax reasons as well spot FX would work against a US trader because then you can't apply for traders tax rates.

Share this post


Link to post
Share on other sites

as an aside.....

what are the currency futures actually based on?

the spot price.

 

So given that, wouldn't the most important thing if you are worried about crappy/real/imagined prices is the integrity of the broker you are using.

Share this post


Link to post
Share on other sites
Hello jolee. It's known that spot forex is not centralized, because it goes over the interbank market. So regarding accurate volume you should definitely trade the futures. The downside of it is the lack of good liquidity in many currency futures products.

 

My personal question is if the "composite operator(s)" in the fx market have made it so that they are able so to see volume information that the rest of the market is cut off from. I suspect so. That is, since all markets works after the same principles. For example when Soros back in 1994 saw weakness in the Pound before his team crashed it, did they see it because of the "RSI overbought over 70" joke where it crossed down under it again, or through the news? Do not think so. The closest thing I know of for "top money" is ICAP EBS. If there is additional information that "top money" get from ICAP I do not know, but I know they use tick count volume from ICAP EBS which is highly correlated with acctual volume. You can open an account with brokers like London Capital Group and trade positions of minimum 1 million with ICAP EBS. Minimum account opening is $50,000. In addition there is probably solutions from Reuters and Bloomberg which the "top money" are also using. The next best thing I know of regarding tick volume for us retailers is eSignals GTIS which is unfiltered, but for the sake of information not very good to trade from, because of the volatile price fluctuations. On the other side good to have for tick count volume and if you want to check out if your fx broker are giving you some fake price moves, and/or for better stop loss management.

 

Could you please give us a link to "courts stated that their bid/ask prices are "pretend" or make believe"?

 

Thanks,

Laurus

 

I am pretty sure that Soros used the fib retracement of the darvas box after the stochastic oscillator crossed over the woody cci index indicating that the heiken ashi 3 line break tested support and failed. Or, it may have been that he thought the BOE would fail at their efforts.

Share this post


Link to post
Share on other sites
I am pretty sure that Soros used the fib retracement of the darvas box after the stochastic oscillator crossed over the woody cci index indicating that the heiken ashi 3 line break tested support and failed. Or, it may have been that he thought the BOE would fail at their efforts.

 

ROFLMAO - perfect description of the trade!

Share this post


Link to post
Share on other sites
I'm sorry I don't have the link and I can't remember how I got to the video showing the court documents - but I'm sure it's from that Heitkoetter chap from Rockwell Trading who had used the video to evidence and explain why he doesn't trade the cash forex.

 

Thank you Jolee, I'll try to find it with the info you provided.

Share this post


Link to post
Share on other sites

Join the conversation

You can post now and register later. If you have an account, sign in now to post with your account.
Note: Your post will require moderator approval before it will be visible.

Guest
Reply to this topic...

×   Pasted as rich text.   Paste as plain text instead

  Only 75 emoji are allowed.

×   Your link has been automatically embedded.   Display as a link instead

×   Your previous content has been restored.   Clear editor

×   You cannot paste images directly. Upload or insert images from URL.


  • Topics

  • Posts

    • lmfx just officially launched their own LMGX token, Im planning to grab a couple of hundred and maybe have the option to stake them. 
    • Date: 2nd April 2025.   Market on Edge: Tariff Announcement and Volatility Ahead!   The US economic and employment data continues to deteriorate with the job vacancies figures dropping to a 5-month low. In addition to this, the IMS Manufacturing PMI also fell below expectations. However, both the US Dollar and Gold declined simultaneously following the release of the two figures, an uncommon occurrence in the market. Traders expect a key factor to be today’s ‘liberation day’ where the US will impose tariffs on imports. USDJPY - Traders Await Tariff Confirmation! Traders looking to determine how the USDJPY will look today will find it difficult to determine until the US confirms its tariff plan. Today is the day when Trump previously stated he would finalize and announce his tariff plan. The administration has not yet released the policy, but investors expect it to be the most expansionary in a century. President Trump is due to speak at 20:00 GMT. On HFM's Calendar the speech is stated as "US Liberation Day Tariff Announcement". Currently, analysts are expecting Trump’s Tariff Plan to impose tariffs on the EU, chips and pharmaceuticals later today as well as reciprocal tariffs. Economists have a good idea of how these tariffs may take effect, but reciprocal tariffs are still unspecified. In addition to this, 25% tariffs on the car industry will start tomorrow. The tariffs on the foreign cars industry are a factor which will particularly impact Japan. Although, traders should note that this is what is expected and is not yet finalised. Last week, President Trump stated that he would implement retaliatory tariffs but allow exemptions for certain US trade partners. Treasury Secretary Mr Bessent and National Economic Council Director Mr Hassett suggested that the restrictions would primarily target 15 countries responsible for the bulk of the US trade deficit. However, yesterday, Trump contradicted these statements, asserting that additional duties would be imposed on any country that has implemented similar measures against US products. The day’s volatility will depend on which route the US administration takes. The harshness of the policy will influence both the Japanese Yen as well as the US Dollar.   USDJPY 5-Minute Chart   US Economic and Employment Data The JOLT Job Vacancies figure fell below expectations and is lower than the previous month’s figure. The JOLT Job Vacancies read 7.57 million whereas the average of the past 6 months is 7.78 million. The ISM Manufacturing Index also fell below the key level of 50.00 and was 5 points lower than what analysts were expecting. The data is negative for the US Dollar, particularly as the latest release applies more pressure on the Federal Reserve to cut interest rates. However, this is unlikely to happen if the trade policy ignites higher and stickier inflation. In the Bank of Japan’s Governor's latest speech, Mr Ueda said that the tariffs are likely to trigger higher inflation. USDJPY Technical Analysis Currently, the Japanese Yen Index is the worst performing of the day while the US Dollar Index is more or less unchanged. However, this is something traders will continue to monitor as the EU session starts. In the 2-hour timeframe, the USDJPY is trading at the neutral level below the 75-bar EMA and 100-bar SMA. The RSI and MACD is also at the neutral level meaning traders should be open to price movements in either direction. On the smaller timeframes, such as the 5-minute timeframe, there is a slight bias towards a bullish outcome. However, this is only likely if the latest bearish swing does not drop below the 200-Bar SMA.     The key resistant level can be seen at 150.262 and the support level at 149.115. Breakout levels are at 149.988 and 149.674. Key Takeaway Points: Job vacancies hit a five-month low, and the ISM Manufacturing PMI missed expectations, adding pressure on the Federal Reserve regarding interest rate decisions. Traders await confirmation on Trump’s tariff policy, which is expected to impact the EU, chips, pharmaceuticals, and foreign car industries. The severity of the tariffs will influence both the JPY and the USD, with traders waiting for final policy details. The Japanese Yen Index is the worst index of the day while the US Dollar Index is unchanged. Always trade with strict risk management. Your capital is the single most important aspect of your trading business.   Please note that times displayed based on local time zone and are from time of writing this report.   Click HERE to access the full HFM Economic calendar.   Want to learn to trade and analyse the markets? Join our webinars and get analysis and trading ideas combined with better understanding of how markets work. Click HERE to register for FREE!   Click HERE to READ more Market news.   Michalis Efthymiou HFMarkets   Disclaimer: This material is provided as a general marketing communication for information purposes only and does not constitute an independent investment research. Nothing in this communication contains, or should be considered as containing, an investment advice or an investment recommendation or a solicitation for the purpose of buying or selling of any financial instrument. All information provided is gathered from reputable sources and any information containing an indication of past performance is not a guarantee or reliable indicator of future performance. Users acknowledge that any investment in Leveraged Products is characterized by a certain degree of uncertainty and that any investment of this nature involves a high level of risk for which the users are solely responsible and liable. We assume no liability for any loss arising from any investment made based on the information provided in this communication. This communication must not be reproduced or further distributed without our prior written permission.
    • HLF Herbalife stock, watch for a bull flag breakout above 9.02 at https://stockconsultant.com/?HLF
    • Date: 1st April 2025.   Will Gold’s Rally Hold Strong as New Trade Tariffs Take Effect Tomorrow?   Gold continues to increase in value for a sixth consecutive day and is trading more than 17% higher in 2025. Amid fear of higher inflation, a recession and the tariffs war escalating investors continue to invest into Gold pushing demand higher. The trade policy from April 2nd onwards continues to be a key factor for the whole market. Can Gold maintain its upward trend? Trade Policy From Tomorrow Onwards Starting as soon as tomorrow, a 25% tariff will be imposed on all passenger cars imported into the United States. While this White House policy is anticipated to negatively affect European industrial performance, it will also lead to higher transportation and maintenance costs for everyday American taxpayers. The negative impact expected on both the EU and US is one of the reasons investors continue to buy Gold. Additionally, last month, President Donald Trump announced reciprocal sanctions against any trade partners that impose import restrictions on US goods. Furthermore, tariffs on products from Canada and the EU could increase even more if they attempt to coordinate a response. Overall, investors continue to worry that new trade barriers will prompt retaliatory measures, particularly from China, the Eurozone, and Japan. Any retaliation is likely to escalate the trade conflict and prompt another reaction from the US. Experts at Goldman Sachs and other investment banks warn that this will lead to rising inflation and unemployment. They also caution that it could effectively halt economic growth in the US.   XAUUSD 1-Hour Chart   The Weakness In The US Dollar Another factor which is allowing the price of XAUUSD to increase in value is the US Dollar which has been unable to maintain any bullish momentum. Despite last week’s Core PCE Price Index rising to its highest level since February 2024, the US Dollar has been unable to see any significant rise in value. Due to the US Dollar and Gold's inverse correlation, the price of Gold is benefiting from the Dollar weakness. Investors worry that new trade barriers will prompt retaliatory measures from China, the Eurozone, and Japan, potentially escalating the conflict. Experts at The Goldman Sachs Group Inc. believe that such actions by the US administration will drive rising inflation and unemployment while effectively halting economic growth in the country. Can Gold Maintain Momentum? When it comes to technical analysis, the price of Gold is not trading at a price where oscillators are indicating the instrument is overbought. The Relative Strength Index currently trades at 68.88, outside of the overbought area, since Gold’s price fell 0.65% during this morning’s session. However, even with this decline, the price still remains 0.40% higher than the day’s open price. In terms of fundamental analysis, there continues to be plenty of factors indicating the price could continue to rise. However, the price movement of the week will also partially depend on the employment data from the US. The US is due to release the JOLTS Job Vacancies for February this afternoon, the ADP Non-Farm Employment Change tomorrow, and the NFP Change and Unemployment Rate on Friday. If all data reads higher than expectations, investors may look to sell to lock in profits at the high price. Key Takeaway Points: Gold’s Rally Continues – Up 17% in 2025 as investors seek safety from inflation, recession fears, and trade tensions. Trade War Impact – New US tariffs and potential retaliation from China, the EU, and Japan drive uncertainty, boosting Gold demand. Weak US Dollar – The Dollar’s struggle supports Gold’s rise due to their inverse correlation. Gold’s Outlook – Uptrend may continue, but US jobs data could trigger profit-taking. Always trade with strict risk management. Your capital is the single most important aspect of your trading business.   Please note that times displayed based on local time zone and are from time of writing this report.   Click HERE to access the full HFM Economic calendar.   Want to learn to trade and analyse the markets? Join our webinars and get analysis and trading ideas combined with better understanding of how markets work. Click HERE to register for FREE!   Click HERE to READ more Market news.   Michalis Efthymiou HFMarkets   Disclaimer: This material is provided as a general marketing communication for information purposes only and does not constitute an independent investment research. Nothing in this communication contains, or should be considered as containing, an investment advice or an investment recommendation or a solicitation for the purpose of buying or selling of any financial instrument. All information provided is gathered from reputable sources and any information containing an indication of past performance is not a guarantee or reliable indicator of future performance. Users acknowledge that any investment in Leveraged Products is characterized by a certain degree of uncertainty and that any investment of this nature involves a high level of risk for which the users are solely responsible and liable. We assume no liability for any loss arising from any investment made based on the information provided in this communication. This communication must not be reproduced or further distributed without our prior written permission.
    • Date: 31st March 2025.   Trump Confirms Tariffs on All Countries, Sending Stocks Lower.   The NASDAQ continues to trade lower due to the US confirming the latest tariffs will be on all countries. In addition to this, bearish volatility also is largely due to the higher inflation data from Friday. The NASDAQ declines to its lowest price since September 11th 2024. Core PCE Price Index - Inflation Increases Again! The PCE Price Index read 2.5% aligning with expert forecasts not triggering any alarm bells. However, the Core PCE Price Index rose from 0.3% to 0.4% MoM and from 2.7% to 2.8% YoY, signalling growing inflationary pressure. This increases the likelihood that the Federal Reserve will maintain elevated interest rates for an extended period. The NASDAQ fell 2.60% due to the higher inflation reading which is known to pressure the stock market due to pressure on consumer demand and a more hawkish Federal Reserve. Boston Fed President Susan Collins recently commented that tariffs could drive up inflation, though the long-term impact remains uncertain. She told journalists that a short-term spike is the most probable outcome but believes the current pause in monetary policy adjustments is appropriate given the prevailing uncertainties. Although, certain investment banks such as JP Morgan actually believe the Federal Reserve will be forced into cutting rates. This is due to expectations that the economy will struggle under the new trade policy. For example, JP Morgan expects the Federal Reserve to delay rate cuts but will quickly cut towards the end of 2025. Market Risk Appetite Takes a Hit! A big factor for the day is the drop in the risk appetite of investors. This can be seen from the VIX which is up almost 6%, Gold which is trading 1.30% higher and the Japanese Yen which is the day’s best performing currency. Most safe haven assets, bar the US Dollar, increase in value. It is also worth noting that all indices are decreasing in value during this morning's Asian session with the Nikkei225 and NASDAQ witnessing the strongest decline. Previously the stock market rose in value as investors heard rumours that tariffs would only be on certain countries. This bullish swing occurred between March 14th and 25th. Over the weekend, President Donald Trump indicated that the upcoming tariffs would apply to all countries, not just those with the largest trade imbalances with the US. NASDAQ - Technical Analysis In terms of technical analysis, the NASDAQ continues to obtain indications that sellers control the price action. The price opens on a bearish price gap measuring 0.30% and trades below all Moving Averages on all timeframes. The NASDAQ also trades below the VWAP and almost 100% of the most influential components (stocks) are declining in value.     The next significant support level is at $18,313, and the resistance level stands at $20,367.95. Key Takeaway Points: NASDAQ falls to its lowest since September 2024 as the US confirms tariffs on all countries, adding to inflation concerns. Core PCE inflation rises to 0.4% MoM and 2.8% YoY, increasing the likelihood of prolonged high interest rates. Investor risk appetite drops as VIX jumps 6%, gold gains 1.3%, and safe-haven assets outperform. NASDAQ shows strong bearish momentum, trading below key technical levels with support at $18,313 and resistance at $20,367.95. Always trade with strict risk management. Your capital is the single most important aspect of your trading business.   Please note that times displayed based on local time zone and are from time of writing this report.   Click HERE to access the full HFM Economic calendar.   Want to learn to trade and analyse the markets? Join our webinars and get analysis and trading ideas combined with better understanding of how markets work. Click HERE to register for FREE!   Click HERE to READ more Market news.   Michalis Efthymiou HFMarkets   Disclaimer: This material is provided as a general marketing communication for information purposes only and does not constitute an independent investment research. Nothing in this communication contains, or should be considered as containing, an investment advice or an investment recommendation or a solicitation for the purpose of buying or selling of any financial instrument. All information provided is gathered from reputable sources and any information containing an indication of past performance is not a guarantee or reliable indicator of future performance. Users acknowledge that any investment in Leveraged Products is characterized by a certain degree of uncertainty and that any investment of this nature involves a high level of risk for which the users are solely responsible and liable. We assume no liability for any loss arising from any investment made based on the information provided in this communication. This communication must not be reproduced or further distributed without our prior written permission.
×
×
  • Create New...

Important Information

By using this site, you agree to our Terms of Use.